Effects of TPR and Z Techniques on Pain and Drug Leakage in Intramuscular Injections

Condition(s) studied

Investigational drug(s) / intervention(s)

Z-track method: Z-track method, the skin will be pulled laterally by 2.5-3.5 cm before needle insertion at a 90-degree angle. After aspiration and injection, the needle will be withdrawn and the skin released immediately.

TPR method: TPR method, while the needle is inserted at a 90-degree angle, deep pressure will be applied to the muscle, then rapidly released to create a snapping motion that facilitates the injection. This technique relies on rapid muscle relaxation rather than needle movement by the dominant hand.

Study summary

This randomized, triple-blind clinical trial compares the effectiveness of Z-track and TPR (traction-pressure-release) techniques in reducing pain and medication leakage during ventrogluteal intramuscular injections. Pain is measured using VAS, and leakage is assessed with a millimeter scale. The study aims to identify a more efficient, less painful injection method.

Eligibility

Primary outcome measure(s)

• Pain with visual analog scale — Within 5 minutes after intramuscular injection
  Pain intensity measured with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), ranging from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). Higher scores indicate greater pain.

Trial sites (2)

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