Combined Regulatory Effects of 40 Hz eTNS and Multisensory Stimulation on Brain Networks

Condition(s) studied

Investigational drug(s) / intervention(s)

40 Hz External Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation: Electrical stimulation targeting the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve at a frequency of 40 Hz

40 Hz Auditory Stimulation: Auditory sensory stimulation delivered at 40 Hz for 5-minute durations

40 Hz Visual Stimulation: Visual sensory stimulation delivered at a frequency of 40 Hz for 5-minute durations

Sham Stimulation: Inactive control stimulation designed to mimic the sensory experience of the active modalities without delivering actual 40 Hz therapeutic stimulation

Study summary

The purpose of this study is to investigate the independent and interactive effects of 40Hz auditory, visual, and external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS) on brain state dynamics and functional connectivity. While 40Hz visual and auditory sensory stimulation have been explored for potential cognitive and therapeutic benefits, the underlying mechanisms on large-scale brain networks and the potential effects of combining multiple modalities remain unclear.

This study aims to determine whether multimodal co-stimulation genuinely compounds network-level effects or if targeted dual-pairings are more efficient for brain network reorganization. In this within-subject study, 23 participants will receive all eight possible combinations of 40Hz auditory, visual, and eTNS (targeting the maxillary branch) in a randomized order. Each stimulation condition will last for 5 minutes, separated by 1-minute inter-stimulus intervals. Continuous electroencephalography (EEG) will be recorded throughout the procedures to evaluate brain responses. The collected EEG data will be analyzed using microstate analysis, functional connectivity analysis, and graph-theoretic network analysis. Ultimately, the study seeks to understand how these non-invasive stimulation techniques, independently and together, drive large-scale network reorganization and optimize the balance between local specialization and global integration in the brain.

Eligibility

Primary outcome measure(s)

• Whole-Brain Functional Connectivity (Phase-Locking Value) — Day1 (during the single experimental session)

Trial sites (1)

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