Multimodal Exercise Program: Participants will engage in a 12-week multimodal exercise program comprising supervised training sessions, home-based exercises, and digital support. To facilitate adherence and proper technique, participants will also receive a "Diabetes and Muscle Health Handbook" as a training guide.
Study summary
This study aims to investigate the effects of a 12-week multimodal exercise intervention on middle-aged and older adults (aged 45\~85 years) with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The program combines supervised training, home-based sessions, and digital support to improve muscle function, physical performance, metabolic control, and quality of life.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
45 Years
Max age
85 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Diagnosed with both Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and sarcopenia.
* Maintained on a stable regimen of oral hypoglycemic agents.
* Aged 45 years or older.
* Capable of communicating effectively in Mandarin or Taiwanese.
* Willing to provide informed consent or have it obtained from a legally authorized representative.
Exclusion Criteria:
* • Limited limb or joint function that prevents exercise (e.g., recent fractures or dislocations).
* Communication barriers or severe emotional/psychological issues (e.g., uncontrolled depression or severe mental illness).
* Severe cognitive impairment (e.g., dementia).
* End-stage renal disease (ESRD).
* Major comorbidities or complications, including active diabetic foot ulcers, amputation, recent myocardial infarction, severe autonomic neuropathy, or a history of stroke within the last 3 years.
Primary outcome measure(s)
Physical Function (5TSTS) — Change from Baseline at Week 12 and Week 24 The Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test (5TSTS) assesses lower limb muscle power. Participants are asked to stand up and sit down five times as quickly as possible with arms folded. The time to completion is recorded in seconds and analyzed as a continuous variable. According to the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) consensus, a completion time of ≥ 12 seconds is considered abnormal and indicates low physical performance.
Handgrip Strength (HGS) — Change from Baseline at Week 12 and Week 24 Handgrip strength (HGS) is assessed using a digital dynamometer (e.g., Jamar or an equivalent device). During the assessment, participants stand with their testing arm fully extended. Two consecutive trials are performed for each hand, and the maximum grip strength value (in kilograms) is selected for data analysis. Based on the 2019 Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) consensus, low muscle strength is defined as \< 28 kg for men and \< 18 kg for women
Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (SMI) — Change from Baseline at Week 12 and Week 24 Determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM, kg) is calculated as the sum of lean mass from both arms and legs. SMI is expressed as ASM divided by height squared (kg/m²). Low muscle mass is defined according to AWGS 2019 cut-off values (\<7.0 kg/m² for men and \<5.7 kg/m² for women).
Sarcopenia Risk: Assessed using the Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls (SARC-F) questionnaire combined with calf circumference measurement (SARC-CalF). — Change from Baseline at Week 12 and Week 24 Assessed using the Strength, Assistance with walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, and Falls (SARC-F) questionnaire combined with calf circumference measurement (SARC-CalF). The SARC-F assesses 5 items scored 0-10. A calf circumference ≤34 cm (men) or ≤33 cm (women) adds 10 points. Total SARC-CalF scores range from 0 to 20. Higher scores indicate a higher risk of sarcopenia (a worse outcome). A total SARC-CalF score ≥11 indicates a high risk.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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