Active Surveillance for Bethesda IV Thyroid Nodules

Condition(s) studied

Investigational drug(s) / intervention(s)

Active surveillance (6, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 60 months): Active Surveillance og thyroid nodules with Bethesda IV cytology instead of surgery (diagnostic hemithyroidectomy).

Study summary

The traditional surgical approach for Bethesda IV thyroid nodules burdens healthcare systems and patients with costs, perioperative morbidity, and potential long-term consequences of hemithyroidectomy, including hypothyroidism (requiring lifelong thyroid hormone replacement), nerve damage, infection, voice discomfort and postoperative bleeding. Moreover, patient-reported anxiety and reduced quality of life often follow surgery, regardless of benign final pathology. Conversely, surveillance strategies that include periodic ultrasound assessment, clinical examination, and patient education may reduce overtreatment, preserve thyroid function, and optimize resource utilization.

This prospective cohort protocol seeks to address these gaps by systematically evaluating the safety, feasibility, patient experience, and clinicopathologic predictors of progression for Bethesda IV nodules \<2 cm managed with active surveillance.

Our hypothesis is: In patients with thyroid nodules smaller than 2 cm and cytology consistent with Bethesda IV, active surveillance is a safe and feasible alternative to immediate surgery. We hypothesize that only a minority of patients will demonstrate clinically significant tumor progression or require surgical intervention within five years, and that prospective surveillance can prevent unnecessary thyroid operations without compromising patient safety or long-term outcomes.

The primary aim of this study is to determine the proportion of patients with Bethesda IV thyroid nodules \<2 cm who undergo surgical intervention or experience disease progression over a 1-, 2- and 5 year AS period.

Eligibility

Primary outcome measure(s)

• Number of participants who undergo surgical intervention or experience disease progression during active surveillance — From enrollment in to active surveillance to the end of the follow-up programe at 5 years

Trial sites (1)

Other trials for the same condition