Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common complication and metabolic disorder during pregnancy, with clear risks to both the mother and fetus. In recent years, the long-term chronic diseases and poor prognosis in GDM women after delivery, as well as the risk of obesity and metabolic disorders in their offspring, have become key research topics. However, due to the long duration of GDM's impact on both the mother and offspring and its involvement in multiple disciplines, high-quality cohort studies are scarce. As a result, there is no definitive conclusion regarding the high-risk factors, natural progression, key mediators, timing of interventions, and targets for GDM's long-term effects on mothers and their offspring. This project intends to initiate a prospective follow-up study, establish a specialized cohort for the long-term effects of GDM on both mothers and their offspring, and complete the characterization of the natural course of non-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) in GDM women and their offspring. The study will also explore high-risk and mediator factors, and develop predictive models. The goal is to provide education, postpartum follow-up, monitoring, and possibly initiate primary prevention for GDM women to reduce the long-term NCD risks, ultimately improving their life expectancy and providing a theoretical basis for intervention.
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Adult patients (≥18 years old) who registered for antenatal care and delivered at Peking University Firest Hospital's obstetrics department between 2007 and 2016.
2. Diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy via an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
3. Signed informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Lack of pregnancy-related obstetric follow-up records.
2. Inability to cooperate with and complete subsequent scheduled follow-ups.
Eligibility
Sex
FEMALE
Min age
18 Years
Max age
—
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Adult patients (≥18 years old) who registered for antenatal care and delivered at Peking University Firest Hospital's obstetrics department between 2007 and 2016.
* Diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy via an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
* Signed informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Lack of pregnancy-related obstetric follow-up records.
* Inability to cooperate with and complete subsequent scheduled follow-ups.
Primary outcome measure(s)
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus — At 8-17 years postpartum Subjects who meet either criterion 1 or 2 will be considered to have type 2 diabetes：
1. With classical symptoms of diabetes: if any one of the following is met:
Random plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, or Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7.0 mmol/L, or 2-hour plasma glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L, or HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) ≥ 6.5%.
2. Without classical symptoms of diabetes: either two glucose indicators measured at the same time point reaching or exceeding diagnostic thresholds, or Glucose indicators measured at two different time points reaching or exceeding diagnostic thresholds (excluding random plasma glucose).
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome — At 8-17 years postpartum Individuals meeting 3 or more of the following 5 components will be considered to have metabolic syndrome:
1. Waist circumference ≥ 85 cm in women;
2. FPG ≥ 6.1 mmol/L and/or 2hPG ≥ 7.8 mmol/L, and/or previously diagnosed diabetes;
3. Blood pressure ≥ 130/85 mmHg, and/or previously diagnosed hypertension and treated;
4. Fasting TG ≥ 1.7 mmol/L;
5. Fasting HDL-C \< 1.04 mmol/L.
Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases — At 8-17 years postpartum The presence of any of the following items is considered indicative of cardiovascular disease:
1. Inquire about history(definitively diagnosed by a qualified physician) of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, hypertension and arrhythmia.
2. Quantify coronary artery calcium score via non-contrast CT scan, \> 100 indicates elevated risk for coronary heart disease.
3. With Framingham Cardiovascular Risk Score calculated for non-diseased individuals(men ≥15 and women ≥18 are classified as high cardiovascular risk).
4. Perform an electrocardiogram for diagnose of arrhythmia.
5. ABI, TBI, and baPWV are utilized to assess arteriosclerosis in the extremities, ABI \< 0.9 or TBI \< 0.7 or baPWV \> 1400 cm/s is diagnostic of peripheral arterial disease.
6. Carotid ultrasonography is performed to assess carotid plaque.
Prevalence of cognitive function — At 8-17 years postpartum Inquire about history of cognitive function(definitively diagnosed by a qualified physician).
Prevalence of renal disease — At 8-17 years postpartum Subjects who meet criterion 1 or 2 will be considered to have renal disease:
1. Serum creatinine\>133μmol/L.
2. Urinary microalbumin/urinary creatinine\>30mg/g.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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