Turkish Version of the BARSE

Condition(s) studied

Investigational drug(s) / intervention(s)

Questionnaire Administration: Administration of the Turkish version of the Barrier-Specific Self-Efficacy Scale (BARSE) and other related questionnaires to investigate its validity and reliability.

Study summary

Background Physical inactivity is known to rank fourth among modifiable mortality risk factors globally and plays a central role in the etiology of noncommunicable diseases. In the context of physical activity, self-efficacy is a multidimensional construct, primarily divided into task self-efficacy and barrier self-efficacy. While task self-efficacy is crucial for initiating physical activity, barrier self-efficacy-the individual's belief in their capability to maintain exercise in the face of various physical, social, or psychological obstacles-is essential for long-term adherence. The Barrier-Specific Self-Efficacy Scale (BARSE), developed by McAuley et al., is specifically designed to measure this barrier self-efficacy dimension. A comprehensive literature review revealed no published Turkish validity and reliability study of the BARSE. Signed permission has been obtained from the original author to conduct this cultural adaptation.

Objectives The primary aim of this study is to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the BARSE among healthy young adults, thereby contributing a standardized, culturally adapted instrument to the scientific community.

Study Design and Procedures This methodological study will conduct at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, between September-October 2026 with an enrollment of 133 healthy adult participants. The BARSE is a unidimensional scale consisting of 13 items. Participants are asked to rate their confidence in continuing to exercise under various challenging situations on a scale from 0% (not at all confident) to 100% (highly confident) in 10% increments. To establish construct validity and examine related health behaviors, participants will also complete several standardized tools: the Self-Rated Abilities for Health Practices Scale (SRAHP), the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS), the Self-Perceived Barriers for Physical Activity Questionnaire (SPBPA), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), and the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF).

Statistical Analysis The language adaptation will conduct using the standard translation and back-translation method. Content validity will be evaluated using the Davis technique. Construct validity will be assessed through factor analysis and correlation coefficients. For reliability analyses, the scales will be administered twice with a 15-day interval. Reliability will be determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, corrected item-total correlations, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Potential differences between test and retest measurements will be evaluated using appropriate statistical tests.

Eligibility

Primary outcome measure(s)

• Barrier Specific Self-Efficacy Scale (BARSE) — To minimize recall bias, it will be administered twice, 15 days apart.
  This is a psychometric tool that assesses an individual's belief in their ability to continue an exercise program in the face of various hindering situations that make exercise difficult, such as fatigue, bad weather, lack of time, or pain. It consists of 13 items and asks participants to rate their confidence in continuing exercise for each situation on a scale of 0 (I have no confidence at all) to 100 (I have great confidence).
• Self Rated Abilities for Health Practices Scale (SRAHP) — To minimize recall bias, it will be administered twice, 15 days apart.
  This scale was developed to assess individuals' self-efficacy perceptions regarding engaging in health-promoting behaviors. It consists of 28 items and covers four sub-dimensions: exercise, nutrition, health responsibility, and psychological well-being. The scale uses a 5-point Likert type, with items scored from "0 (never)" to "4 (completely)," resulting in a total score between 0 and 112; each sub-dimension score ranges from 0 to 28. Higher scores on the scale indicate increased self-efficacy in performing health-related practices.
• Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) — To minimize recall bias, it will be administered twice, 15 days apart.
  This scale was developed to assess the perceived benefits and barriers to participation in exercise. The 43-item scale uses a 4-point Likert scale (Strongly agree to Strongly disagree). Exercise benefits are evaluated across five sub-dimensions: enriching life, psychological perspective, physical performance, social interaction, and preventative health; while exercise barriers are evaluated across three sub-dimensions: exercise environment, time expenditure, and physical strain. Sub-dimension scores are calculated by averaging the relevant items. The benefits subscale ranges from 29 to 116 points, and the barriers subscale ranges from 14 to 54 points. Higher benefit scores indicate greater perceived benefits, while higher barrier scores indicate fewer perceived barriers. The total EBBS score is calculated by summing the benefit and barrier scores.
• Self-Perceived Barriers for Physical Activity Questionnaire (SPBPA) — To minimize recall bias, it will be administered twice, 15 days apart.
  This is a 17-item self-report scale developed to assess perceived barriers to participation in physical activity. The scale consists of four sub-dimensions: body image and psychosocial anxiety, fatigue, responsibilities and lack of time, and environment and facilities. Items are scored on a Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (low) to 10 (high); each sub-dimension score is obtained by dividing the total score of the relevant item by the number of items. A higher score on the scale indicates a higher level of perceived barriers to participation in physical activity.
• The Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) — To minimize recall bias, it will be administered twice, 15 days apart.
  This is a 36-item self-assessment test designed to gather information about a person's health status. The questionnaire includes eight multi-item subscales assessing physical function, social functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, role limitations due to emotional problems, mental health, vitality, pain, and general health perception. The total score ranges from 0 to 100.
• The International Physical Activity Questionnaire- Short Form (IPAQ-SF) — To minimize recall bias, it will be administered twice, 15 days apart.
  The questionnaire, developed to determine physical activity levels, consists of 7 questions. It inquires about the time spent by individuals in vigorous, moderate, walking, and sitting activities for at least 10 minutes over the past 7 days. In the IPAQ, 8.0 METs are considered to be expended during vigorous physical activity, 4.0 METs during moderate physical activity, and 3.3 METs during walking. To score and determine the level of activity, the walking, moderate, and vigorous activity scores are added together to obtain a total physical activity score (MET-min/week). Scores are obtained by multiplying the standard values of the activities by the number of days per week and the number of hours per day these activities are performed. In the IPAQ, physical activity levels are classified as follows: Inactive (I) with a total physical activity score of 600 METs and below, Minimally Active (II) with a score between 600 and 3000 METs, and Active (III) with a total score above 3000 METs.

Trial sites (1)

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