Pain Resilience and Pain Self-Efficacy as Parallel Mediators of the Relationship Between Self-Critical Rumination and Pain-Specific Well-Being in Individuals With Chronic Pain: A Structural Equation Modeling Study
This study is a cross-sectional, correlational, and analytical study designed to examine the parallel mediating roles of pain resilience and pain self-efficacy in the relationship between self-critical rumination and pain-specific well-being in individuals with chronic pain. Structural equation modeling will be used to simultaneously evaluate the direct and indirect relationships between the variables.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
18 Years
Max age
—
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Individuals aged 18 years and older,
* Having chronic pain that has persisted or recurred for at least three months,
* Being followed up for chronic pain at the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic,
* Able to read and understand Turkish and communicate at a level sufficient to complete data collection forms,
* And agreeing to participate in the research voluntarily will be included.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Individuals with pain lasting less than three months or experiencing only acute pain,
* Individuals with cancer-related pain,
* Individuals in the palliative or terminal stage,
* Individuals who have undergone major surgery within the last three months and still experience acute/postoperative pain related to the surgery,
* Individuals with cognitive or communication impairments that would prevent them from understanding the research questions and independently responding to the data collection instruments will be excluded.
Primary outcome measure(s)
Numerical Rating Scales — 1 days Numerical Rating Scales (NRS): In alignment with the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), participants' pain intensity over the past week, the impact of pain on daily activities, and the level of pain-related distress will be assessed separately using 0-10 numerical rating scales. Pain intensity will be rated from 0 ("no pain") to 10 ("worst pain imaginable"); the impact of pain on daily life from 0 ("no impact") to 10 ("completely prevents my activities"); and pain-related distress from 0 ("no distress") to 10 ("extreme distress").
The University of Washington Pain-Related Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form — 1 days The University of Washington Pain-Related Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form is a 6-item scale developed to assess patients' perceptions regarding their self-efficacy-or confidence-in performing daily, social, and personal activities despite pain. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 ("not at all confident") to 5 ("completely confident"). Total scores on the scale range from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating a higher level of pain-related self-efficacy. The Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.87 in the study regarding the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale.
Self-Critical Rumination Scale — 1 days Self-Critical Rumination Scale: Developed by Smart et al. (2016) to assess ruminative processes associated with self-critical thoughts, this scale consists of 10 items. Respondents rate how well the statements describe them using a 4-point Likert-type scale (1 = does not describe at all, 2 = describes very little, 3 = describes moderately, 4 = describes very well). In the original study examining its psychometric properties, the scale's internal consistency coefficient was found to be .92, and it was determined to have a single-factor structure. It was also reported that the scale shows high correlations with constructs related to both self-criticism and rumination. In the study regarding the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.89.
Pain Resilience Scale — 1 days Pain Resilience Scale: This is a 14-item scale that assesses the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses individuals exhibit when facing intense or prolonged pain. The scale comprises two sub-dimensions: behavioral persistence (items 1-5) and a positive cognitive-emotional approach (items 6-14). Items are scored on a scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 4 ("always"). In the Turkish version of the PRS, only items 8, 11, and 12 are reverse-scored; for these items, the scoring is reversed from 4 ("always") to 0 ("never"). A high total score on the scale indicates a high level of pain resilience. The Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.920 in the study establishing the scale's validity and reliability in Turkish.
Well-Being in Pain Questionnaire — 1 days This scale was developed to assess well-being in the presence of pain among individuals with chronic pain, as well as the psychological, social, and lifestyle-related characteristics that support such well-being. The scale consists of a total of 11 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 4 ("almost always"). The total score is calculated by summing the responses to all items and ranges from 0 to 44. Higher scores indicate a higher level of pain-related well-being; a score of 0 represents the minimum level, while a score of 44 represents the maximum level of pain-related well-being. In the study regarding the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.713.
Trial sites (1)
Facility
City
Region
Status
Bilecik Seyh Edebali University
Bilecik
Bilecik
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This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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