Investigation of the Genetic and Environmental Causes of Autism: a Multi-Center Study

\- Inclusion Criteria: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism-like Traits: Individuals diagnosed with ASD based on DSM-5 diagnostic criteria, or those displaying significant autism traits without a formal diagnosis. Healthy Control Group: Age-, gender-, and socio-demographically matched individuals without any psychiatric or neurological disorder. ASD Individuals of Varying Functional Levels: Participants with ASD from a broad range of functional abilities, from high-functioning to low-functioning autism. Comorbid Conditions: Inclusion of volunteers with developmental profiles and comorbid conditions such as ADHD and learning disabilities. Informed Consent: Written informed consent from participants over 18 years of age. For participants under 18, consent from parents or legal guardians. \- Exclusion Criteria: Severe Psychotic Disorders: Individuals diagnosed with conditions like schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Known Genetic Syndromes or Chromosomal Anomalies: Individuals with genetic conditions such as Down syndrome or Fragile X syndrome. History of Genetic or Experimental Therapies: Participants with previous gene or cell therapy, frequent blood transfusions, or bone marrow transplants. Severe Communication or Cognitive Impairments: Participants with communication or cognitive disorders that would hinder their ability to participate in data collection, or those with aggressive behavioral disorders. Non-compliance or Medical Restrictions: Individuals unable to comply with study procedures or with medical conditions that prevent biological sample collection. \- Control Group: Healthy Individuals: Participants without ASD or any psychiatric or neurological disorders. Age and Gender Matching: Matched with the ASD group in terms of age, gender, and socio-demographic status. No History of Genetic or Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Individuals with no genetic syndromes, chromosomal anomalies, or neurodevelopmental disorders. No Chronic Disease History: Participants with no history of chronic diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, or metabolic conditions. Informed Consent: Written informed consent from individuals over 18 years old or from parents/legal guardians for participants under 18.