Effect of Resistance Exercise on Energy Balance and Appetite Regulation in Males and Females

Condition(s) studied

Investigational drug(s) / intervention(s)

resistance exercise (males): Resistance exercises are in the following order: squat, bench press, deadlift. Each exercise consists of 3 sets with 7 repetitions, using a load of 70% 1RM with 120 sec of rest between sets.

resistance exercise (females): During the early follicular phase, participants completed a standardized resistance exercise protocol consisting of squat, bench press, and deadlift, performed in a fixed order. Each exercise comprised three sets of seven repetitions at 70% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 120 s of rest between sets.

Study summary

There is growing evidence that males and females may exhibit different acute responses and long-term adaptations to exercise training. Accordingly, contemporary exercise physiology research increasingly recognizes sex as an important biological variable that may influence appetite regulation and energy balance.

This year's project aims to investigate: (1) appetite regulation and energy balance following acute resistance exercise, and (2) potential sex-based differences in appetite regulation and energy balance in response to resistance exercise.

Understanding both the overall effects of resistance exercise and sex-related variability in these responses is important for improving the physiological interpretation of exercise-induced changes in appetite and energy balance. Such knowledge may help to reduce heterogeneity in exercise research findings and support the development of more precise, evidence-based exercise prescriptions that are applicable to both males and females.

Eligibility

Primary outcome measure(s)

• Subjective appetite — 3 hours during each study intervention
  The appetite perceptions are obtained through a 0-100 mm visual analog scale. The variables assessed include perceptions of hunger (i.e., "How hungry do you feel?"), satisfaction (i.e., "How satisfied do you feel?"), fullness (i.e., "How full do you feel?"), prospective food consumption (i.e., "How much do you think you can eat?"), and nausea (i.e., "How nauseous do you feel?"), with 0 indicating "not at all" and 100 signifying "extremely.".
• Change in acyl-Ghrelin — 3 hours during each study intervention
  acyl-Ghrelin in pg/mL
• Change in PYY — 3 hours during each study intervention
  PYY in pg/mL
• Change in lactate — 3 hours during each study intervention
  lactate in mmol/L
• Energy intake — The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment.
  Participants will be required to record their diet for the day before, the current day (include following exercise ad-libitum), and the day following the experiment. The energy intake include absolute energy intake and relative energy intake .
• change in Cortisol — 3 hours during each study intervention
  Cortisol mcg/dL
• Energy expenditure — The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment.
  Energy expenditure will include resting energy expenditure (REE), exercise energy expenditure, and non-exercise energy expenditure. REE will be measured using indirect calorimetry (MetaLyzer 3B; VO₂ and VCO₂ exchange). Exercise energy expenditure will be recorded during the resistance exercise session, and non-exercise energy expenditure will be assessed using an accelerometer. Total energy expenditure will be calculated as the sum of these components.
• Energy Balance — The Before day, the durning day, and the day following the experiment.
  Energy balance will be calculated as total energy intake (EI) minus total energy expenditure (TEE). Total energy intake will include energy consumed during the laboratory ad-libitum meal and energy intake recorded outside the laboratory during the monitoring period. Total energy expenditure will include resting energy expenditure, exercise energy expenditure, and non-exercise energy expenditure, as previously described. Energy balance will be expressed in kilocalories (kcal), with positive values indicating energy surplus and negative values indicating energy deficit.

Trial sites (1)

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