Restorative visual rehabilitation is frequently used to enhance the visual development and function of children with low vision. An important strategy within this field is visual stimulation, which is particularly used for infants and toddlers with low vision, as well as for children who have both developmental disabilities and low vision.This study has two primary objectives.The first objective is to examine the effect of using intensive, specific, and flickering black-and-white checkerboard patterns to enhance visual function in children with mild to moderate low vision. The second objective is to develop a visual stimulation program tailored for children with severe or profound multiple disabilities and visual impairments, and to evaluate its effectiveness. For both objectives, the visual stimulation intervention will be provided through either in-person or remote delivery
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
1 Month
Max age
18 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Passive visual stimulation group
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Children aged less than or equal to 18 years old.
2. The causes of visual disorder in children are unlimited.
3. The acuity of the children's better eye was ≤ 0.2.
4. Children with multiple disabilities and visual disorders typically exhibit developmental levels ranging from moderate to severe or below.
5. The parents of these children exhibit a positive attitude and are willing to cooperate with visual learning programs.
6. Infants under 1 year old with low vision without other developmental issues , under or equal to moderate developmental issues.
Exclusion Criteria:
1. Significant refractive errors that affect acuity but are unable to cooperate with wearing corrective glasses in two training sessions.
2. Requires patching for monocular vision rehabilitation but is unable to cooperate with patching in two training sessions.
3. The individual is unable to adapt to the training environment and cooperate with visual learning in two sessions due to unstable emotions or difficulty adapting to the environment.
Perceptual learning group Inclusion Criteria
(1)Children aged less than or equal to 12 years old. (2)No restrictions on the causes of visual impairment in children. (3)The acuity of the children's better eye was ≤ 0.5 (4)If children have additional developmental issues, their disability severity should primarily be mild or moderate.
(5)The primary caregiver demonstrates a positive attitude and is willing to cooperate with the visual training program.
(6)The child is capable of completing calibration with an eye-tracking device. Exclusion Criteria
1. Significant refractive errors that severely affect vision, where the child cannot adapt to wearing corrective glasses within two training sessions.
2. Requires occlusion therapy for monocular visual rehabilitation but cannot cooperate with occlusion within two training sessions.
3. Inability to adapt to the training environment or cooperate with visual training due to emotional instability or difficulty adjusting within two training sessions.
4. Unstable physiological conditions (e.g., epilepsy, sleep disturbances) that prevent consistent participation in visual training.
Primary outcome measure(s)
Visual Function Battery for Children with Special Needs — From enrollment to one year after the end of treatment Visual Function Battery for Children with Special Needs (VFB-CSN) is typically conducted by occupational therapists with experience in visual rehabilitation. It is a scale used to evaluate the visual function of children with special needs. It assesses eight aspects: visual reflection, eyeball asymmetry, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, eye movements, color and shape perception, and visual attention. The scale includes 27 questions and combines standardized tests with functional assessment methods. The functional assessment method can be applied to cases that cannot cooperate with standardized tests. Children with varying degrees of visual impairment, ranging from light perception to identifiable visual targets, can be assessed using the VFB-CSN alone. The assessment scale has a maximum score of 60 and a minimum score of 0, with higher scores indicating better performance.
Functional Vision Questionnaire — From enrollment to one year after the end of treatment This questionnaire is completed by the primary caregiver. It is designed for children with severe central nervous system disorders, such as children with cerebral palsy, to evaluate their visual performance under different brightness conditions and during daily activities. The scale consists of 28 questions, with a maximum score of 140 and a minimum score of 28. Higher scores indicate better performance.
Eye Movement Assessment Behavioral Scale for Children — From enrollment to one year after the end of treatment The scoring is conducted by occupational therapists with experience in visual rehabilitation, based on their observation of the child's performance. This assessment employs an eye tracker and PowerPoint to create an eye movement assessment program before and after rehabilitation. It evaluates children's abilities in fixation, tracking, and saccadic movements in response to visual stimuli of varying sizes, contrasts, directions, speeds, and positions. The assessment scale has a maximum score of 64 and a minimum score of 8, with higher scores indicating better performance.
Near Detection Scale — From enrollment to one year after the end of treatment Near Detection Scale (NDS) is performed by clinicians specializing in visual issues among children with special needs to quickly assess the detection acuity of children with severe and profound visual impairment. NDS is an 18-point scale, with 0 representing no light perception and 18 representing the ability to see 0.1 cm objects on a dark green background at a viewing distance of 30 cm. Higher scores indicate better visual acuity.
Visual Function Battery for Children with Special Needs-Revised (VFB-CSN-R) — At baseline (before the intervention) and immediately after completion of the intervention The Visual Function Battery for Children with Special Needs-Revised (VFB-CSN-R) is conducted by occupational therapists experienced in pediatric visual rehabilitation. It is a revised clinical assessment developed from the original VFB-CSN to provide a more detailed evaluation of visual function in children with special needs. The battery evaluates eight domains: visual reflexes, ocular muscle balance, visual acuity, ocular motor function, visual field, contrast sensitivity, color and form vision, and visual attention. Compared with the original VFB-CSN, the VFB-CSN-R incorporates more detailed scoring criteria, particularly for ocular motor function, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity. These revisions were intended to improve the instrument's ability to capture subtle differences and changes in visual function. Standardized assessments are performed whenever possible, whereas functional assessment methods are used for children who are unable to cooperate with conventional vision
Children's Functional Vision Questionnaire: Early Childhood Version (CFVQ-EC) — At baseline (before the intervention) and immediately after completion of the intervention The Children's Functional Vision Questionnaire: Early Childhood Version (CFVQ-EC) is a questionnaire designed for completion by caregivers or professionals to evaluate functional vision in young children through observations of their daily visual behaviors. The questionnaire assesses visual performance across eight domains: visual acuity, visual field, contrast sensitivity, color vision, stereopsis, ocular motor function, visual perception, and visual attention. Age-specific items are arranged according to developmental milestones, enabling assessment from infancy through early childhood. Respondents answer "Yes" or "No" based on the child's typical performance in daily activities, play, learning, and social interactions. The questionnaire is designed as a screening tool to identify children who may have visual difficulties and require further ophthalmic or functional vision assessment.
Trial sites (1)
Facility
City
Region
Status
Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University
Taipei
Taiwan
Recruiting
More National Taiwan University Hospital trials in Taiwan
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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