The aim of the study is to examine the effect of exposure of cesarean section (CS) delivered neonates to a natural condition of birth, i.e. to the microbiota of the birth canal, on the acquisition of microbial genes during development of the microbiome at multiple body sites, immune system maturation and allergy risk in childhood
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
5 Minutes
Max age
15 Minutes
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Infants of healthy mothers with uncomplicated pregnancies at term, mothers of any ethnic or social background that can speak, read, and understand Swedish to the extent that they can consent in Swedish. An additional inclusion criterion for mothers in the CS groups is vaginal pH ≤ 4 at the time of birth.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Infants of mothers with pre-eclampsia or complicated pregnancies, mothers \<18 years or \>40 years of age, genital herpes simplex, genital warts, HIV, Hepatitis B or complications during delivery, infants delivered prior to 37 weeks of gestation. Additional exclusion criteria for mothers in the CS group: Mothers positive to Group B Streptococcus, Group A Streptococcus, bacterial vaginosis, vaginal pH \> 4 at the time of birth. Mothers with fecal samples positive for Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter or Yersinia.
Primary outcome measure(s)
IgE-associated allergic disease — Two years Incidence of Immunoglubulin E (IgE)-associated allergic disease at 2 years of age in CS delivered infants, compared with non-treated CS-delivered infants and vaginally delivered controls.
Skin-puncture tests will be performed at infant age 6 months, 12 months and child age 24 months.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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