Immersive Virtual Reality Eye-Hand Coordination TrainingUsual Handball Training
Immersive Virtual Reality Eye-Hand Coordination Training: The intervention consisted of a structured eye-hand coordination training program delivered through immersive virtual reality using the Rezzil Player: MicroWall exergame and a Meta Quest 2 head-mounted display with handheld controllers. Participants completed one familiarization session followed by 13 training sessions over 8 weeks (two sessions per week). During each session, participants were required to identify and touch randomly appearing red visual targets as quickly as possible using the controllers. Training difficulty was progressively increased by modifying the spatial configuration of the virtual panels (3×3, 60°, 180°, and 360°). Each training trial lasted 1 minute, and performance was quantified according to the number of targets successfully reached and response speed.
Usual Handball Training: Participants continued their standard handball training routines under the supervision of their coaches according to normal club practice. No specific experimental intervention, placebo treatment, or virtual reality-based training was administered during the study period.
Study summary
The purpose of this pilot randomized controlled study is to evaluate the effects of an immersive virtual reality (IVR)-based physical intervention program on reaction time in secondary school students. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group, which will complete an immersive virtual reality training program using the Rezzil Player platform, or a control group that will continue their usual activities without virtual reality exposure.
The intervention will be conducted over eight weeks and will include progressive reaction-based tasks performed in immersive virtual reality environments. Outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention through visual and auditory reaction time tests and the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), a validated measure of cognitive processing speed and attention. The study aims to determine whether immersive virtual reality training can improve reaction performance and cognitive processing in adolescents and provide preliminary evidence regarding its feasibility and effectiveness as an educational and physical training tool.
Eligibility
Sex
MALE
Min age
12 Years
Max age
15 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Being between 12 and 15 years of age
* Being a male handball player
* Having at least one year of handball experience
* Not participating in any other organized competitive sport.
Exclusion Criteria:
-.The exclusion criteria included diagnosed neurological disorders, fear or intolerance of using virtual reality headsets, and diagnosed musculoskeletal disorders or injuries.
Primary outcome measure(s)
Visual Reaction Time — 8 weeks Visual Reaction Time (milliseconds) Visual reaction time was assessed using the Fast Reflex smartphone application. Participants were instructed to touch the screen as quickly as possible when it changed color from red to green. Response times were automatically recorded by the application and expressed in milliseconds. Three familiarization trials were completed before testing, and the subsequent three trials were recorded for analysis.
Auditory Reaction Time — 8 weeks Auditory Reaction Time (milliseconds) Auditory reaction time was assessed using the Fast Reflex smartphone application. Participants were instructed to touch the screen as quickly as possible upon hearing an auditory signal emitted by the device. Response times were automatically recorded in milliseconds. Following three familiarization trials, the next three trials were recorded and used for analysis.
Cognitive Processing Speed — 8 weeks Cognitive Processing Speed (SDMT score) Cognitive processing speed was assessed using the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT). Participants were required to match a series of symbols with their corresponding numbers as quickly and accurately as possible according to a predefined key. The outcome measure was the total number of correct responses completed within 90 seconds. The number of errors committed during task performance was also recorded.
Tactical Effectiveness Index — 8 weeks Tactical Effectiveness Index (TEI; 0-100 points) Tactical effectiveness was assessed using a composite Tactical Effectiveness Index (TEI) derived from official competition statistics. The index incorporated positive performance indicators (goals scored, shooting percentage, 7-m throws earned, ball recoveries, defensive blocks, saves, and save percentage) and negative performance indicators (7-m throws conceded, turnovers, 2-min suspensions, and disciplinary sanctions). All variables were standardized using z-scores. For negative indicators, z-scores were multiplied by -1 so that higher values consistently reflected greater tactical effectiveness. Standardized scores were summed to obtain a raw score and subsequently transformed to a 0-100 scale using min-max normalization. Higher scores indicate greater tactical effectiveness.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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