Singapore PREconception Study of Long-Term Maternal and Child Outcomes

Inclusion Criteria of Mother Participants: 1. Women aged 18-35 years 2. Intention to reside in Singapore for the next 5 years 3. Chinese, Malay, Indian or any combinations of these 3 ethnic groups 4. Planning to conceive within 1 year 5. Able to provide written, informed consent Exclusion Criteria of Mother Participants: 1. Have been actively trying to conceive for more than 18 months 2. Currently pregnant 3. Assisted fertility, apart from those taking clomiphene alone in the past 1 month 4. Established pre-existing diabetes (type 1 or type 2) 5. Oral or implanted contraception, or with an IUCD in situ in the past 1 month 6. On systemic steroids in the past 1 month 7. On anticonvulsants in the past 1 month 8. On HIV or Hepatitis B or C medication in the past 1 month 9. Not becoming pregnant after more than 12 months from recruitment 10. Eventual multiple pregnancies 11. Pregnancy complications such as miscarriages, ectopic pregnancy, still birth The partners of the women will also be invited to participate in the study. Babies born from these mothers will be followed up until the child is 9 years of age.