Acupuncture: Cholecystectomy involves a procedure where patients' spines are kept in position and skin around the acupoints is disinfected with 75% alcohol. Acupuncture treatment is given when patients return to units within 2 hours after surgery. The needles are inserted using disposable sterile needles and manipulated to induce a sense of "De qi" (soreness, numbness, distension, or heaviness). Gastrectomy involves daily acupuncture sessions for 5 consecutive days, starting on postoperative day 1. The needles are inserted perpendicular to the acupoints in the extremities to a depth of approximately 20 mm from the skin surface.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation: Patients will receive a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit (ENNRAF) for up to 48 hours post-surgery, with instructions to self-titrate intensity for pain relief. Postoperative stimulation will be 20-40 milliampere and pulse width 5
drugs: analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Study summary
This study was done to:
* Determine the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture as physical therapy approach in minimizing pain post upper abdominal surgeries.
* Determine the therapeutic efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in minimizing pain post upper abdominal surgeries.
* Compare the efficacy and safety of Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation versus acupuncture in minimizing pain post upper abdominal surgeries.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
20 Years
Max age
45 Years
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Patients who will have pain after upper abdominal surgery.
* Adult patients will be between 20 and 45 years of age.
* Both sexes will be included.
* Patients have no contraindications for acupuncture or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.
* Patients with good compliance and fit for treatment.
* This study will be applied on upper abdominal surgeries \[laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Gastrectomy\].
* Physical therapy will be used for up to 48 hours after surgery or until the time of discharge.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Patients with other causes of pain other than that after upper abdominal surgery.
* Patients who will have any contraindication for both therapies used.
* Patients with cardiovascular disease, liver, or renal disease.
* Patients with malignant tumors.
* Patients with metal or electronic implants.
* Patients with autoimmune disease.
* Pregnancy, postpartum period, breastfeeding.
* Patients with recent injury in the treatment area
Primary outcome measure(s)
assessment of change of postoperative quality of recovery — At baseline and 4 weeks The Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale is a verbal scale designed to assess the quality of recovery in six domains: physiology, nociceptive, emotional, activities of daily living, cognitive, and overall patient perspective. It measures systolic blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and airway control, aiming to assess physiologic safety and home readiness for day care surgery. It also assesses pain and nausea using a 1-5% Likert rating scale. Emotional domain measures feelings of anxiety and depression. Activities of daily living assess physical return to normality through daily activities, with scores ranging from 3 to 1. Cognitive domain measures orientation, verbal memory, executive functioning, attention, and concentration. Performance variability tolerance factors are applied to ensure participants are not included in subsequent analysis if baseline scores are equal to or less than the tolerance factor.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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