Effects of Increased Greek Yogurt Consumption in Youth and Young Adult Athletes

Condition(s) studied

Investigational drug(s) / intervention(s)

Greek yogurt: For 16 weeks, athletes will consume 2 servings/day of 175 g GY (0% MF, flavoured, 130 calories, 17 g protein, 225 g calcium; e.g., OIKOS High Protein GY)

Whey protein: For 16 weeks, athletes will consume 2 servings/day of 2/3 of a scoop of commercially available WP powder (flavoured, \~29 g, 120 calories, 19 g protein, 112.5 g calcium; e.g., PURE Whey Protein, Walmart)

Study summary

Physical activity and dairy consumption during growth and development are each known to improve peak bone mass in young adults. Peak bone mass, the maximum amount of bone a person will have in their lifetime, is typically reached in the early 20's in females and late 20's in males. However, evidence suggests that young people do not consume enough dairy to maximize their bone mass. The resulting effect in peak bone mass can be troublesome, particularly for athletes, such as volleyball players. This study aims to determine whether increased dairy consumption combined with training can have an additive effect on the physiology of young competitive athletes. Specifically, we will examine whether Greek yogurt consumption will lead to beneficial changes in bone metabolism and inflammation, in adolescent and young adult, male and female athletes, similar to those observed with whey protein supplementation. Many athletes choose exclusively protein supplementation and miss out on other nutrients vital for healthy growth and development. By examining the benefits of Greek yogurt across different athlete age groups and sexes, this work will help reshape the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviours surrounding diet of young athletes.

Eligibility

Primary outcome measure(s)

• Osteocalcin — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
• Osteocalcin — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
• Osteocalcin — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
• Osteocalcin — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of the bone remodelling marker osteocalcin (ng/ml)
• Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
• Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
• Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
• Amino-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation marker P1NP (pg/ml)
• Osteoprotegerin (OPG) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
• Osteoprotegerin (OPG) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
• Osteoprotegerin (OPG) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
• Osteoprotegerin (OPG) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone formation regulator OPG (pg/ml)
• C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
• C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
• C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
• C-telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption marker CTX (ng/ml)
• Sclerostin — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
• Sclerostin — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
• Sclerostin — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
• Sclerostin — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator sclerostin (pg/ml)
• Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
• Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
• Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
• Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone resorption regulator RANKL (pg/ml)
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting serum levels of bone related hormone PTH (pmol/L)
• Interleukin-6 (IL6) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
• Interleukin-6 (IL6) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
• Interleukin-6 (IL6) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
• Interleukin-6 (IL6) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL6 (pg/ml)
• Interleukin-10 (IL10) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
• Interleukin-10 (IL10) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
• Interleukin-10 (IL10) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
• Interleukin-10 (IL10) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL10 (pg/ml)
• Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) — Baseline (week 0)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)
• Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) — End of control period and pre-intervention (week 8)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)
• Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) — Middle of intervention period (week 16)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)
• Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) — Completion of intervention period (week 24)
  Morning, fasted, resting plasma levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα (pg/ml)

Trial sites (1)

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