This retrospective observational study will examine bone mineral density measurements and their metabolic and clinical determinants in adults aged 40 years and older. Existing medical records of approximately 300 patients who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the lumbar spine and femoral neck will be reviewed.
The researchers will examine the relationships between DXA measurements and available clinical and laboratory findings. Differences between lumbar spine and femoral neck T-scores, bone mineral density discordance, fracture history, and FRAX fracture risk will also be evaluated. No additional examination, laboratory test, treatment, or intervention will be performed as part of the study.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
40 Years
Max age
—
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Adults aged 40 years or older
* Lumbar spine (L1-L4) and femoral neck DXA measurements performed during the same assessment
* Available T-score and bone mineral density data from the DXA examination
* Available clinical and laboratory data required for the study analyses
Exclusion Criteria:
* Metal implant or prosthesis affecting lumbar spine or femoral neck DXA measurements
* Unreliable lumbar spine measurement due to marked artifact, surgical material, vertebral compression fracture, or extensive degenerative changes
* Fewer than two lumbar vertebrae suitable for analysis
* Active malignancy
* Stage 4 or higher chronic kidney disease
* Metabolic bone disease that may substantially affect bone mineral density
* Long-term systemic glucocorticoid use
* Missing or uninterpretable DXA data
Primary outcome measure(s)
Lumbar Spine-Femoral Neck T-Score Gradient — Baseline The lumbar spine-femoral neck T-score gradient will be calculated by subtracting the femoral neck T-score from the mean lumbar spine T-score obtained from eligible L1-L4 vertebrae. T-scores represent the number of standard deviations by which bone mineral density differs from the young-adult reference mean. T-scores and the calculated gradient do not have predefined minimum or maximum values. Higher positive gradient values indicate a relatively higher lumbar spine T-score compared with the femoral neck, while more negative values indicate a relatively lower lumbar spine T-score. The relationships between the gradient and metabolic and clinical variables will be evaluated.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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