No intervention assigned: No investigational intervention is assigned in this observational study. All treatments, including triple inhaler therapy, are prescribed at the discretion of the treating physicians as part of routine clinical care. The research team does not assign, modify, or mandate any therapeutic intervention.
Study summary
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous condition with recurrent exacerbations despite guideline-based therapy. This prospective observational cohort study aims to evaluate whether baseline fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a biomarker of type 2 airway inflammation, predicts future exacerbations and lung function decline in COPD patients initiated on triple inhaler therapy in routine clinical practice. The study will also explore the relationships between air pollution exposure, type 2 inflammatory biomarkers, and COPD outcomes.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
40 Years
Max age
—
Healthy volunteers
No
Inclusion Criteria:
* Adults aged 40 years or older
* Diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) confirmed by post-bronchodilator spirometry (FEV₁/FVC \< 0.70).
* History of cigarette smoking
* Receiving triple inhaler therapy (inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting beta-agonist/long-acting muscarinic antagonist) as part of routine clinical care, including:
* patients who have been previously escalated to triple inhaler therapy due to prior exacerbations and are already receiving triple therapy at the time of enrollment, and
* patients who are newly prescribed triple inhaler therapy at or immediately before enrollment because of a recent exacerbation.
Exclusion Criteria:
\-
Primary outcome measure(s)
Annualized rate of moderate-to-severe COPD exacerbations — Up to 12 months after enrollment Moderate exacerbations are defined as those requiring systemic corticosteroids, antibiotics, or both. Severe exacerbations are defined as those requiring hospitalization or emergency department visits lasting more than 24 hours.
Trial sites (1)
Facility
City
Region
Status
Chang Gung Medical Foundation
Taoyuan
Taiwan
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This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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