Biomarkers for Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Consortium

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 60 and ≤ 90 years * Diagnosis of normal cognition with at least one criterion for vascular risk\*, subjective cognitive decline (preliminary diagnosis based on self-report question or eCog-12), mild cognitive impairment, or mild dementia based on standard research criteria * Fluent in English or Spanish * No contraindications to MRI including CVR * No confounding neurologic, psychiatric, or medical disease \*Participants with normal cognition must meet at least one criterion (diabetes, OR hypertension plus, OR MRI factors) for vascular risk prior to enrollment: * Diabetes (at least one of the following): * Fasting (8-hour fast, usually overnight) blood sugar ≥126 mg/dL (≥7 mmol/L, or ≥1260 mg/L) * Random or Post-prandial blood sugar ≥200 mg/dL (≥11.11 mmol/L, or ≥2000 mg/L) * HbA1C ≥6.5% (or ≥47.5412 mmol/mol) * Treatment with an anti-diabetic medicine * Hypertension plus (at least two of the following): * Use of anti-hypertensive medications for lowering blood pressure for ≥ 10 years * Current use of two or more anti-hypertensive medications for lowering blood pressure * One measured blood pressure in a research or clinical setting in the last 2 years with SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 * A second measured blood pressure in a research or clinical setting on a different date in the last 2 years with SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 * Evidence of likely HTN end-organ damage (e.g., LVH, albuminuria, eGFR\<60, CHF) * MRI factors (at least one of the following): * Peri-Ventricular Fazekas Extent Grade or Deep Fazekas Extent Grade ≥ 2 * 1 or more microbleeds * 1 or more lacunar infarcts Exclusion Criteria: * Neurologic Disease: Based on the available data and investigator's impression, exclude those with confounding neurologic disease that would interfere with test performance or with biomarker analysis: * Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) * Lewy body dementia (LBD) * Parkinson's disease * Multi system atrophy * Traumatic brain injury (TBI)-related cognitive impairment * TBI that interferes with MRI biomarker analyses (e.g., large volume traumatic lesion) * Non-small vessel strokes that interfere with test performance (e.g., post-stroke cognitive impairment or aphasia) * Non-small vessel strokes that interfere with MRI biomarker analysis (e.g., large volume strokes) * CADASIL (Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy) * Individuals known to be receiving, or planning to receive, anti-amyloid immunotherapy\* * Other neurologic conditions that interfere with test performance or biomarker analysis * Individuals prescribed anti-amyloid immunotherapy after MarkVCID enrollment should be kept in the study. * Medical and Psychiatric Conditions: Exclude those with medical and psychiatric conditions that would confound the course or interfere with test performance: * Schizophrenia or other active/severe psychotic disorders * Medical or psychiatric conditions likely to interfere with participation or retention (e.g., metastatic or malignant CNS cancer, active/severe depression or anxiety, HIV- Associated Neurocognitive Disorder) * Contraindications to MRI procedures, such as: * Claustrophobia * Cardiac pacemaker * Intracranial clips/metal implants * Contraindications to CVR: * COPD or other respiratory condition requiring oxygen therapy * Asthma or other respiratory condition requiring current use of medications such as inhalers