Peri-implant diseases are inflammatory conditions affecting the gums and bone around dental implants. Peri-implant mucositis causes inflammation in the gums, while peri-implantitis can also lead to bone loss and, in severe cases, implant failure. Smoking is an important risk factor for these conditions because it may change how the immune system responds to inflammation and infection.
This study will compare smokers and non-smokers with healthy dental implants, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis. Fluid samples will be collected from around the implants to measure proteins involved in inflammation, healing, and immune responses. The aim is to better understand how smoking affects the body's response to peri-implant diseases and to identify biological markers that may help assess disease risk and severity in the future.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
21 Years
Max age
75 Years
Healthy volunteers
Accepted
Inclusion Criteria:
* willingness to participate in the study;
* having at least one dental implant that has been in function for at least one year;
* having an implant diagnosed with peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, or initial peri-implantitis according to the study definitions; for the initial peri-implantitis group, having an implant with PD of 6-7 mm.
Exclusion Criteria:
* having received periodontal therapy, oral decontamination treatment, antibiotics, or steroids within the last six months before study initiation;
* being pregnant or breastfeeding;
* having rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, or poorly controlled systemic diseases such as diabetes or hypertension;
* having a history of radiation therapy or cancer therapy.
Primary outcome measure(s)
Peri-implant crevicular fluid levels of Th1/Th2-, M1/M2-, and B-cell-related immune markers — At a single study visit Peri-implant crevicular fluid samples will be analyzed to determine the levels of IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, BAFF, and APRIL. These marker levels will be compared among smokers and non-smokers with peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, or peri-implantitis
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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