Pulmonary FunctionAerobic PerformanceAnaerobic PerformanceIsokinetic Test
Investigational drug(s) / intervention(s)
No intervention
No intervention: No intervention will be administered. Participants will undergo standardized assessments including spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing with gas analysis for VO₂max, Wingate anaerobic test, and isokinetic trunk muscle performance testing. These assessments are performed for data collection purposes and do not constitute a therapeutic intervention.
Study summary
This study aims to investigate the relationships among pulmonary function, aerobic performance, anaerobic performance, and isokinetic trunk muscle performance in professional male wrestlers. Wrestling requires a combination of high muscular strength, repeated high-intensity efforts, aerobic capacity, anaerobic performance, and effective trunk muscle function. However, the relationships among these physiological and muscular performance characteristics have not been fully established in professional wrestlers.
This single-center, analytical, cross-sectional observational study will include approximately 28 professional male wrestlers aged 18-35 years who have been actively participating in licensed wrestling for at least 5 years and who meet the predefined eligibility criteria. Participants will undergo anthropometric assessment, pulmonary function testing by spirometry, cardiopulmonary exercise testing with respiratory gas analysis, Wingate anaerobic testing, and isokinetic assessment of trunk muscle performance.
Pulmonary function parameters will be obtained from spirometry. Aerobic capacity will be evaluated using maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂max) obtained during cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Anaerobic performance will be assessed using the Wingate test, while trunk flexor and extensor muscle performance will be evaluated using isokinetic dynamometry. The study will primarily examine the relationship between pulmonary function parameters and isokinetic trunk muscle performance. Secondary analyses will evaluate the relationships of pulmonary function and trunk muscle performance with VO₂max and Wingate-derived anaerobic performance parameters.
Eligibility
Sex
MALE
Min age
18 Years
Max age
35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Accepted
Inclusion Criteria:
* Male participants aged 18-35 years
* At least 5 years of active participation in licensed wrestling
* Currently competing at the professional level and following a regular training program
* No upper respiratory tract infection within the previous 4 weeks, or no signs of active infection on the day of assessment
* Able to safely complete pulmonary function testing, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, the Wingate test, and isokinetic assessment
* Willingness to participate and ability to provide written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
* Any chronic respiratory disease, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchiectasis, or other chronic respiratory system disorders
* Any cardiovascular, neurological, or systemic disease that may affect the study measurements
* Surgery involving the trunk or spine within the previous 6 months
* A musculoskeletal injury within the previous 3 months affecting the lower back, back, or abdominal muscles and resulting in absence from training or competition
* Acute low back or back pain at the time of assessment
* Any clinical condition that may preclude maximal exercise during cardiopulmonary exercise testing or the Wingate test
* Any condition that prevents the participant from safely completing pulmonary function testing, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, the Wingate test, or isokinetic assessment
Primary outcome measure(s)
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) — Baseline Forced vital capacity (FVC) is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a maximal inspiration. It will be assessed by spirometry and reported in liters (L), with values approximately 80-120% of the predicted value considered within the normal range.
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV₁) — Baseline Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) is the volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled during the first second following maximal inspiration. It will be assessed by spirometry and reported in liters (L), with values approximately 80-120% of the predicted value considered within the normal range.
FEV₁/FVC Ratio — Baseline The FEV₁/FVC ratio represents the proportion of the forced vital capacity exhaled during the first second of forced expiration. It will be assessed by spirometry and reported as a percentage (%), with values ≥70% generally considered within the normal range in adults.
Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) — Baseline Peak expiratory flow (PEF) is the maximum flow rate achieved during a forced expiration following maximal inspiration. It will be assessed by spirometry and reported in liters per second (L/s), with values interpreted according to age, sex, height, and predicted reference values.
Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV) — Baseline Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) is the maximum volume of air that can be inhaled and exhaled voluntarily over a specified period of time. It will be assessed by spirometry and reported in liters per minute (L/min), with values approximately 80-120% of the predicted value considered within the normal range.
Trunk Flexion Peak Torque at 60°/s — Baseline Trunk flexion peak torque represents the maximum torque generated by the trunk flexor muscles during isokinetic contraction. It will be assessed using a HUMAC/NORM isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 60°/s and reported in Newton-meters (Nm).
Trunk Extension Peak Torque at 60°/s — Baseline Trunk extension peak torque represents the maximum torque generated by the trunk extensor muscles during isokinetic contraction. It will be assessed using a HUMAC/NORM isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 60°/s and reported in Newton-meters (Nm).
Trunk Flexion Total Work at 90°/s — Baseline Trunk flexion total work represents the cumulative mechanical work performed by the trunk flexor muscles during repeated isokinetic contractions. It will be assessed using a HUMAC/NORM isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 90°/s and reported in Joules (J).
Trunk Extension Total Work at 90°/s — Baseline Trunk extension total work represents the cumulative mechanical work performed by the trunk extensor muscles during repeated isokinetic contractions. It will be assessed using a HUMAC/NORM isokinetic dynamometer at an angular velocity of 90°/s and reported in Joules (J).
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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