No intervention (observational study): This is an observational study. No treatment was applied to the individuals. The study will evaluate the individuals' cognitive functions and functional capacities, balance, fear of falling, and quality of life.
Study summary
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that is becoming a growing public health problem worldwide, affecting people's lives in many ways. It is characterized by impaired carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism associated with insufficient insulin secretion and/or reduced sensitivity to the metabolic effects of insulin.Along with diabetes, many complications may develop in affected individuals. Cognitive impairments are now also considered an important and common complication of diabetes.The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of cognitive function levels on functional capacity, balance, fear of falling, and quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes.In this context, participants' cognitive function levels will be assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Stroop Test. Functional capacity will be evaluated using the 6-Minute Walk Test. Balance performance will be assessed using the Biodex Balance System and the Four Square Step Test. Lower extremity muscle strength will be measured using a digital hand-held dynamometer and the 30-Second Sit-to-Stand Test. Fear of falling will be evaluated using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), the Functional Reach Test, and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test. Participants' quality of life will be assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF quality of life questionnaire.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
40 Years
Max age
65 Years
Healthy volunteers
Accepted
Inclusion Criteria:
* Being between 40 and 65 years of age
* Having an HbA1c level between 6.5 and 11
* Having been diagnosed with diabetes for at least 1 year
* Scoring 24 or higher on the Mini-Mental State Examination
* Being able to walk independently without assistance
* Having provided voluntary participation and signed written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
* Having a diagnosis of any neurological or psychiatric disorder (e.g., hemiplegia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease)
* Having uncontrolled hypertension and/or uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
* Having vertigo or other vestibular system disorders
* Having major musculoskeletal disorders
* Having undergone percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or having a cardiac pacemaker
* Being pregnant
* Being unable to read or write in Turkish
Primary outcome measure(s)
Postural Stability — Single assessment at baseline Postural stability will be assessed using the Biodex Balance System®. This assessment is performed to evaluate the individual's ability to maintain the center of body mass.
Deviations from the center of balance will be recorded during the test. Higher stability index scores indicate greater deviation from the center of balance and poorer postural stability.
Limits of Stability — Single assessment at baseline This assessment will be conducted using the Biodex Balance System®. The test will be performed on a static platform. The purpose of the test is to evaluate the individual's ability to shift and control the center of body mass within the base of support.
Directional control (overall, forward, backward, left, right, forward/left, forward/right, backward/left, backward/right) will be assessed and expressed as a percentage (%).
Higher scores are associated with better postural control.
Sensory Integration of Balance — Single assessment at baseline This assessment will be conducted using the Biodex Balance System®. The purpose of the test is to evaluate how different sensory inputs contribute to the maintenance of balance and how well balance can be preserved when one or more of these sensory inputs are removed.
The test will be performed under the following conditions: eyes open and eyes closed on a firm surface, and eyes open and eyes closed on a foam surface.
A sway index will be calculated for each condition.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
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