The goal of this observational study is to learn about the status quo and relationship of dry eye, problematic smartphone use, bedtime procrastination, and sleep in adolescents and young adults. The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Is there a positive correlation between problematic smartphone use and dry eye?
* Is problematic smartphone use positively correlated with bedtime procrastination?
* Is bedtime procrastination negatively correlated with sleep quality?
* Is there a negative correlation between sleep quality and dry eye?
* Is there a negative correlation between problematic smartphone use and sleep quality?
* Is there a positive correlation between bedtime procrastination and dry eye?
* Do bedtime procrastination and sleep quality serve as mediating factors in the relationship of problematic smartphone use and dry eye? Participants will be asked to complete several questionnaires and dry eye related examinations.
Eligibility
Sex
ALL
Min age
14 Years
Max age
35 Years
Healthy volunteers
Accepted
Inclusion Criteria:
* Adolescents and young adults aged 14 to 35 (including 14,25 years old) ;
* Agree to participate in the studies
Exclusion Criteria:
* Unable to communicate normally;
* With ocular surface diseases other than dry eye and autoimmune diseases;
* Use drugs that may cause damage to the ocular surface, such as anti glaucoma drugs, antidepressants, sex hormones, chemotherapy drugs, etc.;
* With a history of eye trauma or eye surgery;
* With a history of wearing contact lenses within the past month;
* Pregnant and lactating women
Primary outcome measure(s)
Dry eye symptoms — baseline Ocular Surface Disease Index scale with 12-item will be used to measure dry eye symptoms. The scale uses Likert 5 comments, with a total score ranging from 0 to 100. And the total score reaching or exceeding 13 points indicates that participants exhibit symptoms of dry eye.
Problematic smartphone use — baseline The 10-item Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version will be used to measure the problematic smartphone use. The scale uses Likert 6 comments, with a total score ranging from 10 to 60. And higher scores indicate more severe problematic smartphone use.
sleep quality — baseline The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scale is used to measure participants' sleep quality. The total score ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate lower quality of sleep.
bedtime procrastination — baseline There are 9 items in the Bedtime Procrastination Scale, which is used to measure participants' bedtime procrastination. The scale uses 5-point scale, with a total score ranging from 9 to 45. And higher scores indicate more severe procrastination before sleep.
This page summarises publicly available registry data for informational purposes — not medical advice. Eligibility is determined by each study team; patients should discuss participation with their clinician.
We use cookies to analyse site traffic and improve your experience. With your consent, we may also use cookies for advertising. You can change your choice at any time on our Cookie Policy page. See also our Privacy Policy.